The Integrated and Powerful Electrophysiology Lab
eLab/eLab+ comprises an innovative wide-band amplifier that is adequate to record all range signals through a 24-bit A to D converter with capabilities of 10K to 50K samples per second.
eLab/eLab+ offers both auditory and visual monitoring features.
Olfactory receptors in arthropod antennae
ectroantennography (EAG) is a method for recording electrical potentials from insect antennae. These potentials provide information on the olfactory perception of insects.
The EAG-technique records the ‘slow’ changes of potential that are caused by the superposition of simultaneous membrane depolarisations of numerous receptor cells.
EEG Analysis
stomach and bowel smooth muscle
glottis
An electrogastroenterography (EGG) is based that different organs of a Gastrointestinal tract give different frequency slow wave.
EGEG electrodes are as much as possible removed from a stomach and intestines—usually, three electrodes are placed on the extremities. It allows receiving stabler and comparable results.
EGEG electrodes are as much as possible removed from a stomach and intestines—usually, three electrodes are placed on the extremities. It allows receiving stabler and comparable results
stomach and bowel smooth muscle
glottis
Stomach smooth muscle
Electrogastrography (EGG) is a non-invasive method for the measurement of gastric myoelectrical activity.
Intracardiac electrograms (EGMs) are electrical signals measured within the chambers of the heart, which can be used to locate abnormal cardiac tissue and guide catheter ablations to treat cardiac arrhythmias.
Eye—via the corneoretinal potential
Electronystagmography (ENG or electrooculography) is used to evaluate people with vertigo (a false sense of spinning or motion that can cause dizziness) and certain other disorders that affect hearing and vision. Electrodes are placed at locations above and below the eye to record electrical activity
Electromyography (EMG) allows veterinary neurologists to evaluate the health of nerves and muscles in anesthetized patients. EMG utilizes small needles (<1 mm diameter) to record electrical activity within muscles. When an animal is anesthetized, EMG should not identify any electrical activity within a normal muscle. EMG of animals with either muscle or nerve diseases often identifies each spontaneous electrical activity, which is abnormal. This test is often followed by a nerve conduction velocity (NCV) to further isolate the abnormalities to either the muscle or the nerve.
A muscle disease would have an abnormal EMG and a normal NCV. A nerve disease would have both an abnormal EMG and abnormal NCV.
Electromyography (EMG) is a recording of electrical activity within the muscles after placing a small needle electrode into the muscle. In people, EMG is done fully awake. Since we cannot explain to animals that they might be a little uncomfortable, this procedure is performed under general anesthesia.
a record of the difference in electrical charge between the front and back of the eye that is correlated with eyeball movement (as in REM sleep) and obtained by electrodes placed on the skin near the eye.
An EOG records eye movement by detecting a voltage difference between the cornea and retina. As the eye moves, the vector of this electric field changes recording electrodes placed in the skin at fixed points. These bioelectrical signals are typically very small in amplitude (µV) and an amplifier is required to accurately record the EOG.
Eye—retina specifically
Evaluating retinal function with the electroretinogram (ERG) is an electrical signal that massed response of the retina to light stimulation. ERG is easily recorded from the corneal surface of the mouse eye and is commonly used to assess the integrity of the inner, middle, and outer retinal layers.
An EPSP is received when an excitatory presynaptic cell, connected to the dendrite, fires an action potential. The EPSP signal is propagated down the dendrite and is summed with other inputs at the axon hilllock. The EPSP increases the neurons membrane potential.
ERP and event-related oscillations are extensively used to study the disruption of neuronal circuits underlying sensory encoding, information processing, and attention in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. To date, several sensory-level ERP measures, including the auditory P50 paradigm, mismatch negativity (MMN), and P300 responses have been validated in both human clinical investigations and animal models.
vomeronasal organ
The electrovomeronasogram (EVG) recording technique provides a sensitive means through which ligand-induced activation of populations of VSNs can be recorded from the epithelial surface using an intact, ex vivo preparation of the mouse VNO.
eProbe software provides many scopes, panels, and FFT bars for monitoring and analyzing EXG signals in the different bands and Frequencies.
The activity of many cells, in both In vivo and in vitro cases. Also offers you many tools and possibilities for monitoring, discriminating spikes, and analyzing data.
Heart Rate Variability (HRV) is determined by analyzing the time series of beat-to-beat intervals from an electrocardiogram (ECG).
HRV analysis has become one of the most popular methods of ANS evaluation. It is based on the observation that even at rest the duration of RR intervals is not constant but continually fluctuates around the mean value.
ECG, blood pressure, or arterial pulse recordings can be used to investigate the interplay between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is a process of synaptic connections between neurons that become stronger with frequent activation.
LTP is thought to be a way in which the brain changes responses to experiments, and thus may be a mechanism underlying learning and memory.
Nerve Conduction Velocity (NCV) testing involves electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves, and recording the electrical response as the nerve impulse is transmitted down the nerve.
By analyzing the degree and type of electrical response, neurologists can better determine whether the nerve is conducting the impulse properly, and which part of the nerve (nerve fibers or myelin coating) is most likely affected.
Nerve conduction testing is used in conjunction with electromyography and biopsy to help diagnose patients with neuromuscular disorders.
Field Potential, NCV Analysis
Heart Rate and Arterial Blood Pressure and Their Variability. The RR interval, the time elapsed between two successive R waves of the QRS signal on the electrocardiogram (and its reciprocal, the HR), is a function of intrinsic properties of the sinus node as well as autonomic influences
eLab lets you have the most precise recordings of action potentials and single neuron activities of the brain and spinal cord. eProbe software also offers you many tools and possibilities for monitoring, discriminating spikes, and analyzing data.
An electrode introduced into the brain of a living animal will detect electrical activity, that is generated by the neurons adjacent to the electrode tip. The electrode is a microelectrode, with a tip size of about 1 micrometer.
Single-unit potential (spike) analysis
What is the Kindling?
Kindling has been extensively studied as a model of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), in many types of research, its advantages and distinctiveness compared to other models remain misunderstood. Through an exquisitely controlled process, kindling induces a predictable sequence of gradually evolving molecular and cellular alterations at every level of biological organization in neural circuits, from gene transcription to patterns of neuronal connectivity.
Studies of kindling had a major influence on understanding the consequences of repeated seizures. It has contributed to an increasing appreciation that affects non-benign seizures.
The alterations induced in remodeled neural circuits by repeated seizures. These seizures are potential therapeutic targets to prevent or delay progressive adverse effects associated with epilepsy.
On this basis, interventions that reduce kindling progression can be regarded as “disease-modifying”. Therapies that slow the rate of kindling can be relatively easily identified by assessing the number of ADs to the first Class V seizure.
Kindling extends a particular translational platform for the evaluation of novel potentially “disease-modifying” therapies, and also for the discovery of novel therapeutic targets among the vast array of potential candidates.
Electrical kindling
In order to study the brain network structures and explore on development parameters of seizures and epilepsy, we need to use a repeated pulse generator and electrical stimulators to make an electrical kindling model, simultaneously recording and analyzing EEG signals.
All you need are provided in eLab and eProbe.
Kindling analysis
Electrophysiological recordings from visceral afferent fibers have demonstrated the occurrence of intestinal receptors that respond to chemical and mechanical stimuli. Most of these recordings have been made from primary afferent fibers in the major visceral nerve trunks. However, physiological anatomical and immunochemical evidence suggests, that in addition to primary afferent fibers with intestinal receptors, there are also intestinal afferent fibers with axons in the mesenteric nerves whose cell bodies are located in the intestinal wall. The cell bodies of these neurons are found in the myenteric and submucous plexuses and their centripetal projections appear to terminate in the abdominal prevertebral sympathetic ganglia. Hence, recordings made from afferent fibers in the mesenteric
Nerves contain information on the receptor properties of both primary afferent and intramural afferent neurons.
Polysomnography is a test conducted to study sleep and to diagnose a variety of sleep disorders. Some people refer to polysomnography (PSG) as a sleep study. Sleep technologists perform the tests which are typically conducted in hospitals, free-standing facilities, or dedicated sleep clinics.
An epileptiform activity in EEG signals including spikes, sharp waves, or spike-and-wave complexes can be evident not only during a seizure (the ictal period) but also a short time before (the preictal period) as well as between seizures (the interictal period).
A burst activity is an activity that is a predecessor to more than one activity. An example of a burst activity is “Database Creation”, which is the predecessor to “Creating Stored Procedures” and “Optimizing Tables”
eLab provides you powerful tools for recording the electrical activities of the heart (ECG/EKG) and cardiovascular in invasive and non-invasive situations. Monitoring and analyzing the high-resolution recorded signals are available in eProbe. Protocol manager in eProbe software, you can carefully investigate the invasive nerve conduction parameters. Also offers you many tools and possibilities for monitoring, discriminating spikes, and analyzing data.
The most frequently used animal species in experimental cardiac electrophysiology are mice, rabbits, and dogs. Murine and human electrocardiograms (ECGs) show salient differences, including the occurrence of a pronounced J-wave and a less distinctive T-wave in the murine ECG. Mouse models can resemble human cardiac arrhythmias, although mice differ from humans in cardiac electrophysiology. Thus, arrhythmia mechanisms in mice may differ from those in humans and should be transferred to the human situation with caution. Further relevant cardiovascular animal models are rabbits, dogs, and minifies, as they show similarities of cardiac ion channel distribution with the human heart and are suitable to study ventricular repolarization or pro- and antiarrhythmic drug effects.
Electrocorticography (ECoG) is the method of recording electroencephalographic signals directly from the surgically exposed cerebral cortex. It detects intraoperatively the cortical regions with substantial epileptiform interictal discharges. Direct cortical stimulation during ECoG provides a method of identifying language, motor, and sensory regions during a craniotomy. Both techniques—the identification of cortex with epileptic activity and cortex with important eloquent functional activity—help determine limits for surgical cortical resection. These are used most commonly during epilepsy and tumor surgery. Anesthetic agents can adversely affect the recording, and ECoG restricts the types of anesthesia that can be used. The amount of spiking from diffuse or remote cortical regions on ECoG can predict the success of postoperative seizure control.
Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) – Technologies The Galvanic Skin Response (GSR), also named Electrodermal Activity (EDA) and Skin Conductance (SC), is the measure of the continuous variations in the electrical characteristics of the skin
the electrical activity of the uterine muscle into a legible tocogram. The EHG signal has a high correlation with the intra-uterine pressure and provides a more accurate assessment of uterine activity compared to external tocodynamometry.
Electroneuronography or electroneurography (ENoG) is a neurological non-invasive test used to study nerve in cases of muscle weakness
An evoked potential or evoked response is an electrical potential in a speculate pattern recorded from a distinct part of the nervous system, especially the brain, of a human or other animals following the presentation of a stimulus such as a light flash or a pure tone.
palatal contact of tongue
Electropalatography (EPG) is a technique used to monitor contacts between the tongue and hard palate, particularly during articulation and speech
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) as a therapy in neurological and psychiatric disorders is applied widely. In this respect, DBS in animal models is performed to study the underlying mechanisms and to evaluate new indications and technology.
The deep brain stimulator is composed of the electrodes implanted in the brain, the implanted pulse generator, and the extended wire connecting the electrodes and pulse generator. The pulse generator is the core part of the system. The pulse generated is transferred to the unilateral or bilateral electrode through the extended wire
eLab helping eProbe gives you a very high accuracy for recording and exploring extracellular field potentials (LFP), that generated by the collective activity of many cells, in both In vivo and in vitro cases. Also offers you many tools and possibilities for monitoring, discriminating spikes, and analyzing data.
Field Potential, NCV Analysis:
Heart Rate Variability (HRV) is determined by analyzing the time series of beat-to-beat intervals from an electrocardiogram (ECG).
HRV analysis has become one of the most popular methods of ANS evaluation. It is based on the observation that even at rest the duration of RR intervals is not constant but continually fluctuates around the mean value.
ECG, blood pressure, or arterial pulse recordings can be used to investigate the interplay between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
eLab provides you a rich setup for nerve conduction studies. Employing the precise stimulator coming with eLab and helping the flexible protocol manager in eProbe software, you can accurately investigate the invasive nerve conduction parameters, also offers you many tools and possibilities for monitoring, discriminating spikes, and analyzing data.
An incredible auditory tool to hear the firing of every single neuron has been presented by eLab.
By employing the eProbe software, you can precisely investigate the invasive nerve conduction parameters.
Visual evoked potential (VEP) is a highly advanced vision test that objectively measures how well the entire vision system is working.
The post-retinal function can be assessed objectively with the visual evoked potential (VEP). The VEP is a gross electrical potential recorded from the visual cortex in response to a visual stimulus. To obtain a normal VEP requires an intact visual pathway from the retina to the primary visual cortex. Thus, any visual pathway disease (e.g., optic neuritis) that alters the function of the central visual pathway will affect the VEP response.
Slice preparation or brain slice is a technique in electrophysiology that allows assessing synapses or neural circuits while isolated from the rest of the brain in control physiological conditions. It involves stimulating or recording from a slice of immersed brain tissue in artificial cerebrospinal fluid.
The technique allows a greater laboratory control on the selected circuit while eliminating the effect of other parts, careful control of the physiological conditions through perfusion of substrates in the incubation fluid, to precise manipulation of neurotransmitter activity through perfusion of agonists and antagonists.
Electrophysiological recordings from visceral afferent fibers have demonstrated the occurrence of intestinal receptors that respond to chemical and mechanical stimuli. Most of these recordings have been made from primary afferent fibers in the major visceral nerve trunks. However, physiological anatomical and immunochemical evidence suggests, that in addition to primary afferent fibers with intestinal receptors, there are also intestinal afferent fibers with axons in the mesenteric nerves whose cell bodies are located in the intestinal wall. The cell bodies of these neurons are found in the myenteric and submucous plexuses and their centripetal projections appear to terminate in the abdominal prevertebral sympathetic ganglia. Hence, recordings made from afferent fibers in the mesenteric
Nerves contain information on the receptor properties of both primary afferent and intramural afferent neurons.
Spinal cord recording is a method for in vivo single-unit extracellular recordings from the dorsal horn of rat or mouse spinal cord. This method allows the complex, dynamic, and plastic circuitry of the dorsal horn to explore in various models and situations. Briefly, in an anesthetized animal, the spinal cord is exposed, while the recording electrode is inserted into the dorsal horn. To isolate a neuron the electrode is moved incrementally through the cord whilst the ipsilateral hind paw (receptive field) is stimulated with a light tap. The neuron can then characterized according to its depth, latency of Abeta-, Adelta- and C-fibre responses and its response to natural (brush, heat, and pressure) and electrical stimulation.
Microarray electrode for any tissue studies
16 channel recording
selectable channel for stimulus
Small size array (less than 1cm)
The pressure is the amount of force exerted on the surface of an object per unit area. Typically pressure measurements are useful when describing a fluid contained inside a solid structure.
Arterial blood pressure measurements are key parameters in studies of autonomic regulation of cardiovascular function. The power of integrative physiological analysis enable by the capability to measure additional parameters concurrently with continuous vascular pressure signals, whether acutely in anesthetized animals or chronically with telemetry implants.
Beat-to-beat invasive blood pressure recording, also assessing the time variance and dynamics of change in data over time.
Small amplitude stable VEP was generated which were entitled “steady-state” visually evoked potentials (SSVEPs) of the human visionary system. There hence, steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs) are defined as the potential elicited by the change in the visual field with a frequency higher than 6 Hz.
In vitro: The term in vitro refers to a medical study or experiment which is done in the laboratory within the confines of a test tube or laboratory dish.
In vivo: The term in vivo refers to a medical test, experiment, or procedure that is done on (or in) a living organism, such as a laboratory animal or human
invasive procedure A medical procedure that invades (enters) the body, usually by cutting or puncturing the skin or by inserting instruments into the body.
term non-invasive can refer to diseases, procedures, or devices. Noninvasive diseases usually do not spread to or damage other organs and tissues. Noninvasive procedures do not involve tools that break the skin or physically enter the body.
Rodents, especially rats and mice, have been the leading model organisms used in biomedical research for well over a century. … These manipulations have allowed the researcher to study rats or mice genetically suited specifically to the human disease model of their interests.
The physiological similarity between humans and NHPs means there is greater validity of the data obtained from primate models than other animal models (e.g. reproduction and pregnancy, cognition, and cognitive aging). … models of AIDS, lung disorders, and drug metabolism).
The ventrobasal complex (VB) is a relay nucleus of the thalamus for nociceptive stimuli received from nociceptive nerves. The VB consists of the ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) and the ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL). In some species the ventral posterolateral nucleus, pars caudalis is also a part of the VB. The VB gets inputs from the spinothalamic tract, medial lemniscus, and corticothalamic tract. The main output of the VB is the primary somatosensory cortex.
The VB serves as the main relay for nociceptive stimuli and the modulation of that stimuli to the primary somatosensory cortex. The modulation occurs through different types of receptors present in the VB.
Patch-clamp recordings are obtained by electrically isolating a patch of the membrane using an electrolyte-filled glass capillary in close proximity to the cell membrane. A silver or silver chloride electrode inserted at the other end of the capillary will provide electrical continuity with a reference electrode placed in the extracellular bath solution.
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